Essay on The Major Dimensions of Social Stratification

The Major Dimensions of Social Stratification For one to attempt the question, â€Å"what are the major dimensions of social stratification?† , one must first define the term social stratification. Social stratification is often used interchangeably with social inequality and one must distinguish between the two terms. Social inequality refers to the existence of socially created inequalities. Social stratification is a form of social inequality, however, social inequality does not inevitably lead to social stratification. It is define as the presence of distinct social groups which are ranked one above the other in terms of factors such a prestige and wealth. These factors are called valued resources.†¦show more content†¦This would distinguish them from members of other strata. These levels or strata are ranked hierarchical order in terms of superiority and inferiority. Persons or groups in a higher ranked stratum have greater access to valued resources such as power, prestige, wealth, and privilege than the persons at the bottom or in the lower ranked stratum. Therefore it can be said that those at the top are considered to be superior to those at the bottom. One can note that in most systems of stratification, the group occupying the higher stratum tent to have a smaller population that those at the bottom. The lower the stratum, the more population increases. Hence an illustration of a system of stratification can be represented by a pyramid or a triangle. The Indian caste system can be used as an example of a system of stratification. This system consist of five levels or castes namely the Brahmins ( priest at the highest caste), the Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors), the Vaisyas (merchants and traders), the Sundras (cultivators and menials), and the Outcaste (labour force). This system is one in which power and prestige rest in the hands of the upper caste whereas the lower caste perform the menial, dirty job such a s street sweeping and disposing of dead animals. Each caste is further subdivided into jatis and are ranked as well within a particular locality. This system isShow MoreRelatedSocial Stratification Has Good Consequences For Society1061 Words   |  5 Pagesthesis states that social stratification has good consequences for society. They argue societies may have different occupations or tasks that these jobs differ in their importance to society. They believed this encourages people to work harder and be more efficient i n their jobs, ultimately benefiting society. 2.  List and define three different systems of stratification in society. The three different systems of social stratification in society are slavery, castes, and social classes. SlaveryRead More What is wrong about Donald Blacks theory of law? Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is wrong about Donald Blacks theory of law?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his book on ?The Behavior of Law? Donald Black attempts to describe and explain the conduct of law as a social phenomenon. His theory of law does not consider the purpose, value, impact of law, neither proposes any kind of solutions, guidance or judgment; it plainly ponders on the behavior of law. The author grounds his theory purely on sociology and excludes the psychology of the individual from his assumptions on the behavior of law (BlackRead MoreThe Theoretical And Methodological Perspectives Of Radicals Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels1162 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning that classes have is they are actual groups in social structure. Durkheim’s method was to study a phenomenon in terms of the nature and number of its parts and how the parts worked in accordance to one another. Durkheim was concerned with social injustice, and he differed in beliefs from Marx and Engels’ focus on exploitation, working class, and conflict. Durkheim contended that the issues of modern society were more widespread across social classes and could not be solved by means of conflictRead MoreSocial Stratification1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress what social stratification is, and why sociologists consider it crucial to our understanding of today’s society. In addition it will also be discussing the three dimensions of social stratification and how we think its changed since the 1970s and 80s to today, and which theory we think best explains this change. Along with how the inequality of valued resources impacts America as a whole, and how the recent financial meltdown has made stratification worse in America. Stratification can be definedRead MoreThe Concept of Social Stratification1290 Words   |  5 PagesSocial stratification can be simply defined by stating that it is a system in which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy (Macionis, page 224). The concept of social stratification is based on four central principles, which are social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences, it carries over from one generation to the next, while it is universal, it is also variable, and social stratification involves not only inequality but beliefs asRead MoreSocial Stratification According to Marx and Weber1163 Words   |  5 PagesSocial stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of power and wealth within a society. Social stratification relates to the socio-economic concept of class, consisting of the upper class, middle class, and lower class. Each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes through the main indicator is occupation. This is the most practical and most effective means of encompassing the wide variety of economic and social elements that go to make up a person’sRead MoreSocial Stratification2712 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Stratification A. What is Social Stratification? 1. Social stratification is defined as a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy a. There are four fundamental principles of stratification: †¢ Social stratification is a characteristic of society -- not just due to individual differences †¢ Social stratification persists over generations †¢ Yet, most societies allow some sort of social mobility or changes in people s position in a system of social stratificationRead MoreMax Weber s Theory Of Power897 Words   |  4 Pagesalso state that there are two faces of power: the elitist approach, which holds the basic premise that in every human institution, there is an ordered system of power, or a â€Å"power structure,† which is a part of, and mirrors the organization s stratification, and the pluralist approach, which suggests that power means being able to participate in decision-making, which can then only be analyzed after â€Å"careful examination of a series of concrete decisions (Bachrach and Baratz). The pluralist approachRead MoreSystems of Social Stratification2682 Words   |  11 Pagessystems of social stratification. The main aim of this essay is to compare and contrast these systems as well as indicating their advantages and disadvantages to development. The essay begins with defining the key t erms which include comparing, contrasting and development. It further goes on to define as well as explain social stratification itself, the caste, the class and the colour-bar systems respectively. The essay further talks about the advantages and disadvantages of these systems of social stratificationRead MoreIncome Inequality : The Perspectives Of Marx And Weber Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed their ideas of social inequality and addressed the relationship between inequality and social structure as an important theme in their work. This paper compares and contrasts the approaches of Marx and Weber to the issue of inequality in American society. The discussion includes their arguments concerning how stratification in society influences income inequality and distinguishes their predictions about its trends. According to Marx’s theory, social stratification is created by unequal property

Why Everybody Is Talking About Weather Essay Topics...The Simple Truth Revealed

Why Everybody Is Talking About Weather Essay Topics...The Simple Truth Revealed New Step by Step Roadmap for Weather Essay Topics Folks discuss the weather on the telephone and in person. Other individuals think that a woman's role needs to be limited to taking care of the home and kids. Women must locate another means of creating a living. Some individuals think women ought to be given equal opportunities to work and excel in their careers. British individuals discuss the weather all the time since it changes all of the time. Nowadays TV is now a crucial part of life. The New Angle On Weather Essay Topics Just Released It is crucial to pick a great topic as a way to compose a good paper. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. If you want to produce the excellent essay on microeconomics topics all on your own, the very first place you should s earch is the internet. You need to think about that essays on weather or another subject will portray your understanding of the subject and the capacity to systematize it. A student is made to dig in deeper into the information, and here, they've got a chance to grasp the concepts that they've learned and be in a position to apply them to a topic that's realistic. It is the issue of selecting the proper expository essay topics in the event the student has a right. Examine the benefits and disadvantages 55. International climate change isn't just brought on by humans. Moreover, in many areas of the planet, deforestation has meant that wood the most commonly used solid fuel is situated further away from the places where folks live. Water pollution is going to be the world's biggest problem within the next decades. Availability and purity of plain water. Some developing countries invite large multinational businesses to open offices and factories so as to aid their economy. Nevertheless, in the surface of climate change, the capacity of women and men to get these indispensable resources is reduced. ICUMSA is the sole worldwide organisation concerned solely with analytical strategies for the sugar market. It is very important to remember, however, that women aren't only vulnerable to climate change but they're also effective actors or agents of change concerning both mitigation and adaptation. Try to remember your essay isn't a research paper, and therefore do not cover the top with documentation. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a certain purpose. The essay questions are broken up into common PTE Essay writing. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Work is performed under various Subjects each headed by means of a Referee. People today attend college or university for many distinct reasons (by way of example, new experiences, career preparation, or to raise knowledge). Weather Essay Topics Explained Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Below, you will locate a list of pop culture topics of unique categories. Though it's not an exhaustive collection of all of the different kinds of essays, it does include a couple of the most common with different essay topics in each one. You will discover that lots of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. The normal pattern of weather experienced in a certain area on a long duration of time is called the climate. Spring is a great season because it's between winter and summer, temperatures are not that cold and not to hot. Weather is quite changeable and unpredictable. Air temperature plays a significa nt role in how weather and climate counteract. Rain forests should be protected. Wind can play a significant role in the climate of the region. The cold winds blow all of the time. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. You also ought to lead them to a specific conclusion or a takeaway line which they'd remember as soon as they finish reading it. It's far simpler to write from an example than to begin your essay from a blank bit of paper. Or, a breakup is the consequence of poor communication. The issue is we speak various languages not only in regard to ethnic groups but regarding the way every individual sees the world.

Analyze The Concept Of Tourism And Tourism Planning - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Concept Of Tourism And Tourism Planning. Answer: The industry of tourism is a recent one and has made significant advancements in the recent times. In the recent times, tourism has evolved as one of the major industries of the world and makes a significant contribution towards the economic framework of the various nations (Mowforth Munt, 2015). Therefore, the various nations place special insistence on the development of the tourism industry of their nation as that is likely to contribute a significant amount to the economy of the nation or the country concerned (Murphy, 2013). However, it is often seen that an effective planning is required for the overall growth as well as the development of this particular industry and thus the various nations often take the help of various innovative strategy for the promotion ad the management of their tourism industry (Horner Swarbrooke, 2016). It is significant to note that the concept of planning in the sphere of tourism can be defined as the dynamic process of determining goals, systemat ically selecting alternative courses of actions to achieve those goals, implementing the chosen alternatives, and evaluating the choice to determine if it is successful (Mowforth Munt, 2015). Thus it can be said that planning forms an important part of the entire process of business of the tourism industry and the various nations and business organizations should focus on this particular aspect to bring about an overall growth as well as the development of their tourism industry (Horner Swarbrooke, 2016). This essay will analyze the concept of tourism and tourism planning in the context of the development of the tourism industry at the Clipper Bay. Stakeholders form an important part of any business organization and for that matter in the genre of tourism industry as well. It is significant to note that they are the ones who have invested in the business process of the business organization and take an active interest in the overall growth as well as the development of the business organization concerned (Page Hall, 2014). In addition to the people who have invested in the business process of the business organization the various stakeholders are also the diverse accountants, groups, organization, members, or system that affects or can be affected by an organization's actions (Page Hall, 2014). Thus, it is obvious that the various stakeholders will take an active interest in the business operations as well as the strategies which are formulated and implemented for the operations of the business organization concerned (Eshliki Kaboudi, 2012). The role played by the various stakeholders becomes very significant when the touris m industry is taken into consideration. It is to be noted that as the stakeholders are the ones who have invested in the company and take an active interest in the performance of the company or the business organization concerned therefore it becomes very important for the business organizations to convey the relevant information to them and also to take their approval before the implementation of any particular strategy which is likely to affect the prospects of the business organization in a significant manner (Eshliki Kaboudi, 2012). In the opinion of R. Edward Freeman's articulated in his famous work Strategic Management- A Stakeholder Approach, stakeholders as those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist. Furthermore, it is significant to note that in the context of tourism planning the stakeholder theory perspective becomes very important. This particular perspective is a very important viewpoint on tourism is the functional approach in which touri sm is observed as a proactive force which, if developed appropriately, seeks to maximize positive returns to a communitys overall growth while minimizing the costs to the environment and culture. A functional approach also suggests that all parties or stakeholders interested in or affected by this business within a particular market or community should collectively manage the tourism system (Page Hall, 2014). In the opinion of many people there are primarily three major benefits of having an effective collaborative relationship with the various stakeholders in the genre of tourism planning, namely, firstly, it reduces the cost incurred by the tourism company which it incurs in the event of a conflict between the business organization concerned and the various stakeholders (Cook, Hsu Marqua, 2014). Secondly, the involvement of the stakeholders in the decision making process helps to legitimize the decision made during the process and thereby save not only the time but also the resources of the company concerned (Cook, Hsu Marqua, 2014). Thirdly, the consultation with the stakeholders also helps the companies in the process of the coordination of policies and related activities (Cook, Hsu Marqua, 2014). These in short are some of the benefits of consulting with the various stakeholders in the genre of tourism planning. Cost-based analysis (CBA) can be defined as the process by means of which business decisions are analyzed. The benefits of a given situation or business-related action are summed, and then the costs associated with taking that action are subtracted (Barney, 2014). It is significant to note that the various business organizations make their decision about the opening of any new branches if their organization or the launch of any new products on the basis of this particular kind of analysis (Barney, 2014). This framework becomes especially important when the tourism industry is taken into consideration. It is often seen that the various business organizations launch new products or services in the market without taking any consideration the cost based analysis and therefore end up incurring a significant amount of loss in the process (Hall, 2012). Therefore, it is very important for the various business organizations to take into consideration this particular framework. This particular framework becomes especially significant when the tourism sector is taken into consideration. It is often seen that the various business organizations develop their tourism industries in locations where the cost incurred by them for the conduct of the business is much higher than the profit made by them (Hall, 2012). It is significant to note that the area of Clipper Bay is a natural location with only 5000 dwellers and the adjoining area is surrounding. Therefore, if tourism is developed at that particular area the business organization will develop to construct hotel and other infrastructure at the area at the location which is likely to take a significant amount of capital. However, since the location of the area is near the beach and surrounded by the forest so it is likely to appeal to many tourists who want to get away from the busy life of the cities and also the bustle associated with it. Thus, it can be said that on the basis of this particular framework it will be fairly profitable to develop the Clipper Bay into a tourist location. The tourism industry is used by the various nations of the world for the purpose of the revitalization of the economy (Lacher et al., 2013). It is to be noted that the industry is one which requires a minimum amount of investment and therefore the capital gain of the industry is very high (Lacher et al., 2013). Therefore, this process can be used by the area of Clipper Bay to revitalize its dwindling economy. It is to be noted that the area of Clipper Bay depends solely on the fishing industry for its economy. Moreover, the area is not very arable and thus the natives have not much inroads into the sector of agriculture. Furthermore, as the area is surrounded by forest and the natives have not yet leaned to make significant use of the forest resources. Therefore, the area can significantly gain from the development of the tourism. It is often seen that tourism is used by the various countries and locations in particular for the process of revitalization of their economies so that the Clipper Bay can also use the same concept for the process of economic growth as well as development. The more number of tourists comes to this particular location the more economic resources the area will be gaining and the more will be the development of this particular location (Briassoulis Van Der Straaten, 2013). In addition to that, the development of the tourism industry in the area is also likely to open up new avenues of business opportunities in the area the yacht business, hotel industry, food industry, travel industry and various others (Briassoulis Van Der Straaten, 2013). Furthermore, these industries will also provide considerable job prospects to the natives of this particular area who had to depend on the process of fishing for their livelihood (Cooper, 2013). The development of the tourism industry in the area is also likely to lead to the development of roads and other infrastructures in the area which will contribute in a significant manner to the economic deve lopment of the area (Cooper, 2013). Clipper Bay is a fairly underdeveloped area with only two road- a narrow road and the other one a two way coastal road. In addition to that, much of the area is surrounded by the forest and no significant hotels or other attractions apart from the natural ones. However, the area is a flat one and very suitable for the construction of the hotels, restaurants and other attractions which form the core of the tourism industry. Furthermore, much of the area is infertile and therefore, the various business organizations can select the location for the construction of the hotel and other infrastructural requirements as per their preference of location. It is significant to note that infrastructure forms an important part of the tourism industry and the more developed a particular area is in terms of the infrastructure the more changes it have for attracting the various tourists (Holden, 2016). Therefore, the development of tourism is one of the basic needs for the effective development of t he tourism industry in the area of Clipper Bay. Therefore, for the effective growth as well as the development of the tourism industry the tourism industry needs to construct hotels, restaurants and others as they play a significant role in attracting the various tourists (Holden, 2016). It is often seen that the various tourists like to go to a place which boasts of proper infrastructure and thus the area of Clipper Bay will have to develop proper infrastructure to attract the various tourists. The backbone of the economy of Clipper Bay is its fishing industry and apart from that there are no other significant industries in the area. Agriculture is not much in practice in the area of Clipper Bay as much of the land of the area is infertile. In addition to that, the natives of the place do not take much help of the natural resources offered by the forest. Thus it would be fair to say that the development of the tourism industry at the Clipper Bay is likely to add a significant value to the dwindling economy of the area. In addition to that, the development of the tourism industry is likely to create new job prospects for the natives of the place who had to rely solely on fishing. In addition to that, the process of the development of the tourism industry entails with it the process of the infrastructural development which will again boost the economy of the area in a significant manner (Veal, 2017). Furthermore, with the development of the tourism industry and the yacht indu stry will also develop the fishing industry of the area on which the natives depend for their livelihood (Veal, 2017). The social climate of the Clipper Bay is a very congenial one and is likely to benefit from the development of tourism. It is significant to note that the people in this particular area having been living for generations and do not take the help of the latest innovations and technology. Fishing forms the core of their livelihood and the women folks prepare the meal for the family members. The area is also known for its exotic sea food and every year before the start of the fishing season the natives organize a festival to please the Gods. Therefore, the development of the tourism industry is likely to affect the social climate of the area in a significant manner. The festival celebrated by the natives can become one of the chief attractions for the tourists coming from the different parts of the world (Smith, 2012). In addition to that, the fishing industry can also gain significantly from the incorporation of the tourism and its related aspects. The area can gain significantly from the association with the other cultures and social trends which the tourists are likely to bring with them to the area (Smith, 2012). Thus it would be fair to say that the area will gain significantly from the influx of the various other social and cultural trends. The Clipper Bay is located adjacent to the beach on the one side and on the other side there is a forest. The bay is located at the foot of a series of hills and thus it can be said that it boasts of an exotic location. Furthermore, the presence of the limestone caves in the nearby region also adds to the natural beauty of the bay. The area where the bay is located is a flat one and very congenial for growth and infrastructural development. Thus, it can be said that if tourism is developed at the location then a bit of the natural beauty of the region will be sacrificed however the disadvantage will be compensated by the benefits which the development of the tourism industry is likely to provide to the natives of the place. Furthermore, it can be said that the development of the tourism industry in the region will help in the effective utilization of the resources of the forest which the natives have not been able to use effectively since their settlement in this particular region (L ew, 2014). Thus, it can be said that the development of the tourism industry in this particular region is likely to add to the environment of the location in a significant manner. To conclude, it becomes evident from the above discussion that tourism although is it is one of the recently started sectors but is one of the fastest developing industries in the world. The tourism industry is often used by the various nations of the world for the process of the revitalization of their dwindling economies. Furthermore, the development of the tourism industry in a particular sector also makes a significant contribution towards the social as well as the cultural landscape of the area because of the influx of the various other cultures. Thus, the tourism industry is used by the various nations of the world not only to bring about the economic revitalization of the area but also to bring about an overall growth as well as development of the place. Therefore, the Clipper Bay can also utilize this particular industry to bring about an overall growth as well as the development of their region. References Barney, J. B. (2014).Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson higher ed. Briassoulis, H., Van Der Straaten, J. (Eds.). (2013).Tourism and the environment: regional, economic, cultural and policy issues(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Cook, R. A., Hsu, C. H., Marqua, J. J. (2014).Tourism: the business of hospitality and travel. Boston, MA: Pearson. Cooper, C. (2013).Essentials of tourism. Pearson Higher Ed. Eshliki, S. A., Kaboudi, M. (2012). Community perception of tourism impacts and their participation in tourism planning: a case study of Ramsar, Iran.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,36, 333-341. Getz, D. (2013).Event tourism: concepts, international case studies, and research. Cognizant Communication Corporation. Hall, C. M. (2012). Spatial analysis: A critical tool for tourism geographies.The Routledge handbook of tourism geographies, 163-173. Holden, A. (2016).Environment and tourism. Routledge. Horner, S., Swarbrooke, J. (2016).Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge. Lacher, R. G., Oh, C. O., Jodice, L. W., Norman, W. C. (2013). The role of heritage and cultural elements in coastal tourism destination preferences: A choice modelingbased analysis.Journal of Travel Research,52(4), 534-546. Lew, A. A. (2014). Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning.Tourism Geographies,16(1), 14-22. Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2015).Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Murphy, P. E. (2013).Tourism: A community approach (RLE Tourism). Routledge. Page, S. J., Hall, C. M. (2014).The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. Routledge. Smith, V. L. (Ed.). (2012).Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism. University of Pennsylvania Press. Veal, A. J. (2017).Research methods for leisure and tourism. Pearson UK.

Transpotation Promblem Essay Example

Transpotation Promblem Essay Find initial basic feasible solution for given problem by using: (a)North – West corner rule (b) Least cost method and (c) Vogel’s approximation method If the objective is to minimize the total transportation cost. Q. 2 A Company has factories at F1, F2, and F3 which supply to warehouses at W1, W2, and W3. Weekly factory capacities are 200,160,and 90 units, respectively. Weekly warehouse requirement are 180,120and 150 units respectively. Unit shipping costs (in rupees) are as follows: Ware house W1 W2 W3 SUPPLY F1 16 20 12 200 F2 14 8 18 160 F3 26 24 16 90 DEMAND 180 120 150 450 Determined the optimal distribution for this company to minimize total shipping cost. Second Topic Transportation Model Problems for Practice Q. 1 A company has four manufacturing plants and five warehouses. Each plant manufactures the same product which is sold at different prices in each warehouse area. The cost of manufacturing and cost of raw material are different in each plant to various factors. The capacities of the plants are also different. The data are given in the following table: PLANT ITEM Manufacturing cost (RS) per unit Raw material cost (RS)per unit Capacity per unit time 1 12 08 100 2 10 07 200 3 08 07 120 4 08 05 80 The company has five warehouses. The sales prices, transportation costs and demands are given in the following table: ware house transportation cost per unit sale price demand per unit(Rs. ) 1 2 3 4 A 4 7 4 3 30 80 B 8 9 7 8 32 120 C 2 7 6 10 28 150 D 10 7 5 8 34 70 E 2 5 8 9 30 90 (a) Formulate this problem as a transportation problem to maximize profit. (b) Find the solution using VAM method. Q. 2 Obtain an optimal solution to the transportation problem by UV method. Use VAM method for obtaining initial feasible solution D1 19 70 40 5 D2 30 30 8 8 D3 50 40 70 7 D4 10 60 20 14 CAPACITY 7 9 18 34 We will write a custom essay sample on Transpotation Promblem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transpotation Promblem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transpotation Promblem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer S1 S2 S3 DEMAND Q. 3 Consider a firm having 2 factories. The firm is to ship its products from the factories to three- retail stores. The number of units available at factories X and Y are 200 and 300, respectively while those demanded at retail stores A ,B and C are 100,150 and 250, respectively. Rather than shipping directly from factories to retail stores, it is asked to investigate the possibility of Trans- shipment. The transportation cost (in Rupees) per unit is given in the table . FACTORY X Factory X Y 0 6 y 8 0 RETAIL STORE A 7 11 B 8 9 C 9 10 Retail store A B C 7 1 8 2 5 9 0 1 7 5 0 8 1 4 0 Find out the optimal shipping schedule. Q. 4 ABC limited has three production shops supplying a product to five warehouses. The cost of production varies from shop to shop and cost of transportation from one shop to a warehouse also varies. Each shop has a specific production capacity and each warehouse has certain amount of requirement. The cost of transportation are given below: Ware house III 4 7 6 85 A B C DEMAN D I 6 5 3 60 II 4 6 4 80 IV 7 4 3 105 V 5 8 4 70 SUPPLY 100 125 175 400 The Cost Of Manufacturing The Product At Different Production Shop Is shop A B C Variable cost 14 16 15 Fixed cost 7000 4000 5000 Find the optimum quantity to be supplied from each shop to different warehouses at minimum total cost. Third Topic Assignment Model Problems discussed in the class Q. 1 A job production unit has four jobs A,B,C,D which can be manufactured on each of the four machines P,Q,R and S. The processing cost of each job on each machine is given in the table below: Jobs P A B C D 31 25 19 38 Machine Q R Processing cost (Rs. ) 25 33 24 23 21 23 36 34 S 29 21 24 40 To achieve minimum processing cost, which job will you process on which machine? Q. 2 A workshop has four machines and four tasks for completion. Each of the machines can perform each of four tasks. Time taken at each of the machines to complete each task is given in the matrix below: How should the tasks be assigned to machines requirement of machine hours? Tasks A I II III IV 51 32 37 55 Machine B C Processing times (Hrs. ) 77 49 34 59 44 70 55 58 D 55 68 54 55 Q. 3 A pharmaceutical company has four branches, one each at city A, B, C and D. A branch manager is to be appointed one at each city, out of four candidates P, Q, R and S. The monthly business depends upon the city and the effectiveness of the branch manager in that city. Branch manager P 11 City B C Monthly business (Rs. lakhs) 11 9 A D 9 Q R S 13 12 16 16 17 14 11 13 16 10 8 12 Which manager should be appointed at which city so as to get maximum total monthly business? Q. 4 The production cost or products P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 per unit made on machines M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 are tabulated below: P1 50 60 40 35 40 P2 80 30 40 40 45 P3 30 40 50 30 50 P4 40 40 45 35 45 P5 45 50 35 50 45 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Selling prices per unit are as follows: P1= Rs. 80, P2=Rs. 90, P3=Rs. 105, P4= Rs. 70 and P5 = Rs. 5 Decide which product should be made on which machine to realize maximum profit. Q. 5 Darda oil mills have four plants each of which can manufacture anyone of the four products. The manufacturing costs differ from plant to plant and so do the sales revenues. The revenue and cost details are as given below: Sales revenue (Rs. Lakhs) Plants A B C D I 70 80 75 78 II 88 90 87 85 Manufacturing cost (Rs. Lakhs) Plants A B C D I 59 65 62 65 II 70 73 72 74 Products III 55 55 59 58 IV 71 79 68 76 Products III 69 71 73 74 IV 82 94 80 89 Suggest which plant should produce which product to maximize profit? Q. A company has four territories open, and four salesman available for an assignment. The territories are not equally rich in its sales potential. It is estimated that, a typical salesman, operating in each territory would bring in the following annual sales. Territory Annual Sales(Rs. ) I 126000 II 105000 III 84000 IV 63000 The four salesmen also differ in their ability. It is estimated that, working under the same conditions, their yearly sales would be proportionately as follows: Salesman Proportion A 7 B 5 C 5 D 4 Assign the salesmen to each territory if the criterion is maximum expected total sales. Third Topic Assignment Model Problems for Practice Q. 1 A departmental head has four subordinates and four tasks for completion. The subordinates differ in their capabilities and tasks differ in their work contents and intrinsic difficulties. His estimate of time for each subordinate and each task is given in matrix below: Tasks I A B C D 17 28 20 28 Subordinates II III Processing cost (Rs. ) 25 26 27 23 18 17 25 23 IV 20 25 14 19 How should the tasks be assigned to minimize requirements of man-hours? Q. 2 A departmental head has three subordinates and four tasks for completion. The employees differ in their capabilities and the tasks differ in their work contents. With the performance matrix given below, which three of four tasks should be assigned to subordinates? Tasks Subordinates A B C D I 9 8 20 21 II 12 13 12 15 III 11 17 13 17 Q. 3 A gear manufacturer requires 2000 numbers per month of each of the six types of gears. Six hobbing machines are available to process these gears. The gears differ in their work contentsgear with, number of teeth, module etc-and machine differ in their capabilities-speeds, feeds and ability to take depth of cut. The production control department has prepared the machine wise cost matrix as shown in the matrix below: Gear I II III IV V VI M1 15 20 19 30 6 13 M2 18 16 16 8 12 Hobbing machines M3 M4 13 10 12 14 15 42 38 10 12 16 14 M5 18 19 35 9 15 M6 14 15 20 36 10 18 Gear I can be assigned to machine M5 because of steep helix angle. Gear III can not be assigned to machine M4 as it is not within the capacity of this machine. And gear IV can not be loaded on machine M2 because of limitations of process capability of the machine. Find the optimum assignment schedule. Q. 4 A salesman has to visit five cities. He wishes to start from a particular city, visit each city once and return to starting city. The cost of going from a city to another in Rs. is given below: From City A B C D E 0 16 18 21 11 To city A 12 0 17 14 13 B 15 13 0 18 12 C 17 18 14 0 18 D 11 12 17 16 0 E Determine the least cost route. Q. 1 A departmental store purchases Christmas trees, which can be ordered only in lots of 100. Each tree selling price Rs. 40 each. Unsold trees, however, have no salvage value. The purchase price of the trees is Rs. 5 each The probability distribution obtained from analysis of past data is given below: Trees sold 100 200 300 400 500 probabilities 0. 20 0. 35 0. 25 0. 15 0. 05 (a) Setup a payoff table (b) How much quantity should the departmental store buy to maximize its profit? Q. 2 A manufacturer of sewing machines is faced with the problem of selecting one of the two models for manufacturing. The profit depends on the market acceptability of the m odel which are present is uncertain but is had been broadly classified into four categories: excellent, good, fair and poor. The profits or losses (losses are indicated by negative sign) expected by the management from the different levels of market acceptability of the models are as follows: ____________________________________________________________ ______ Market Profit (Rs. ) for the model for the Indicated market acceptability __________________________ Deluxe Janata ____________________________________________________________ ______ Excellent 60,000 78,000 Good 28,000 38,000 Fair 18,000 8,000 Poor 8,000 -12,000 ____________________________________________________________ _____ Which product should the company select from the standpoint of maximin (gain) criterion? Q. 3 A company is making a large boiler installation. A certain automatic monitoring unit is critical for the operation of the whole system. At the time of original order, the spares for this unit can be purchased for Rs. 2,000 per unit. The probability distribution for the failure of the unit during the life time of installation is given a s : __________________________________________________________ _______Failure_________________________Probability__________ _ 0 0. 35 1 0. 25 2 0. 20 3 0. 15 4 0. 05 ___________________________________________________________ If a spare is needed and is not available, the total cost of idle time and replacement cost will be Rs. 15,000. Unused spares have no salvage value. Determine the optimal no. of spares to be ordered. Q. 4 A newspaper boy is thinking of selling a special one time edition of a magazine to his regular newspaper customers. Based on his he believes that he can sell between 9 to 12 copies. sports knowledge of his customers, The magazines can be purchased at Rs. each and can be sold for Rs. 12 each. Magazine that are not sold can be returned to the publisher for a refund of 50%. (a) Construct the decision matrix for the above inventory problem indicating possible monetary consequences. (b) Determine the best decision from the stand point of (i) Maximin criteria (ii) M aximax criteria (iii)Hurwiez a-criterion assuming a=0. 40 (iv) Minimax regret criteria (v) Laplace criteria Q. 5 Agent Corner, an authorized dealer in domestic appliances find that the cost of holding refrigerator in stock for a week is Rs. 50. Customers who cannot get a new refrigerator immediately wanted to go to another dealer for which expected profit is Rs. 350 per customer. Probability distribution of demand is as follows: No. of refrigerator: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Probability : 0. 05 0. 10 0. 20 0. 30 0. 20 0. 10 0. 05 Assuming that there is no time lag between ordering and delivery, how many refrigerators should we order per week? Q. 6 A departmental store buys Christmas tree at a landing cost of Rs 25 each and sells them at an average of Rs 40. Any tree left over after the selling season has no resale value. The productivity distribution of sale of trees derived from analysis of pas t sales data is under: Tree (sale) Probability 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0. 10 0. 15 0. 35 0. 20 0. 10 0. 05 0. 05 a) How many trees should be department store buy to maximize its profit? b) If trees left after the selling season cost Rs 5 each to remove ,does it affect the inventory decision? Q. 7 A newspaper boy is thinking of selling a special one time edition of a sports magazine to his regular newspaper customers. Based on his knowledge of his customer the copies of the magazine with probabilities estimated as under: No of copies 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 probability 0. 0 0. 15 0. 35 0. 20 0. 10 0. 05 0. 05 The magazine can be purchased at Rs 8 each and can be sold for Rs 12 Each. a) Magazines that are not sold can be required to the publisher for a refund of 50%. Determine optimum quantity to be purchased? b) If the publisher does not take back the unsold magazines and the boy is forced to sell them as scrap a t rs 1. 50, what should be the order quantity. c) And if the boy gets magazines â€Å"on sale basis†,what quantity should be ordered? Q. 8 A Ship building company has launched a program for the construction of new class of ships. Certain spare units like prime over, each costing 200000 have to be purchased. If these units are not available when needed, a serious loss is incurred which is in order of Rs 10000000 each instance requirements of spares with the corresponding probabilities are given below. Nos of spares: 0 1 2 3 4 5 Probability of 0. 876 0. 062 0. 041 0. 015 0. 005 0. 001 requirement How many spares should the company buy in order to optimize inventory decision? Fifth Topic Decision Analysis Problems for Practice Q. 1 A perishable item is ordered only once each demand period. Acquisition cost is $3, selling price is $5, and salvage value is $1. 50. What is optimal order quantity? Given: Demand 100 110 120 130 140 150 Probability 0. 1 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 1 0. 1 Q. 2 A newspaper boy buys papers for Rs 1. 30 each and sells them for Rs 1. 40 each. He cannot return unsold newspapers. Daily demand has the following distribution. No. of customers: Probability: 23 0. 01 24 0. 03 25 0. 06 26 0. 10 27 0. 20 28 0. 25 30 0. 10 31 0. 05 32 0. 05 If each days demand is independent of the previous day’s, how many papers he should order each day?